
The Ancient Egyptian word 'iwen' could interchangeably mean color, appearance, character, being, or nature.

If you have decided that the study of African history is for you then I recommend getting hold of, and thoroughly digesting, this book. It will enhance your understanding of where historical source material on Africa is obtained and how it is used.
On 2 September 1898 the decisive British victory at the Battle of Omdurmanin effectively brought the 15 year Mahdist rebellion (started by Muhammad Ahmed Ibn Seyyid abdullah, The Mahdi) to an end. Major General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the Mahdist forces under the command of Abdullah el-Taaishi. The British forces, totaling 26,000 men (two British brigades, four Egyptian brigades, plus artillery, mounted troops and a flotilla on the Blue Nile), camped at Wad Hamad on 24 August. Kitchener brought his troops along the Nile, with his flotilla bombarding Mahdist forts and the walls of Omdurman, to Egeiga, four miles north of Omdurman on the west bank. Facing Kitchener were 40,000 Ansar (or Dervish, or to the British, 'Fuzzy-Wuzzy') warriors.
The Mahdist army was decimated: 10,000 killed, 10,000 wounded, and another 5,000 taken prisoner. The British now dominated the Sudan.
"To the African, the European settler, whether living in South Africa, Kenya, Angola, or anywhere else in Africa, is an intruder, an alien who has seized African land. No amount of arguing about the so-called benefits of European rule can alter the fundamental right of Africans to order their own affairs."
"Freedom is not a commodity which is 'given' to the enslaved upon demand. It is a precious reward, the shining trophy of struggle and sacrifice."From Africa Must Unite by Kwame Nkrumah, 1963.
With the news that Italy is going to be paying Libya $200 million a year for the next twenty-five years in compensation for the wrongs perpetrated during its 30 year occupation of the country what can we expect for the rest of the continent?
BBC News Online reports that the $5 billion will be spent amongst other things on infrastructure projects, including a coastal motorway stretching from the border with Tunisia to that with Egypt (the existing road proved especially significant in the North African campaign of World War II which led to Italy's subsequent departure from holding African colonies).
Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, on his second trip to Libya since June, is due to sign the memorandum pledging the compensation package. Money from the package is also earmarked for student grants and pensions for Libyan soldiers who fought for Italy in WWII. One additional agreement in the package is that Italy will return the Venus of Cyrene, a Roman era statue removed by Italian troops in 1913. (Could we now see the British museum returning ancient Egyptian and other African artifacts?)
In return, it is expected that Libya will 'crack down' on illegal migrants using Libya as a departure point for Europe (Italy being the closest port of call).
©2008 About.com, a part of The New York Times Company.
All rights reserved.